Make the Church Great Again Biretta

Square cap with 3 or four peaks or horns

For the firearms manufacturer, see Beretta.

A traditional black biretta

The biretta (Latin: biretum, birretum) is a foursquare cap with 3 or four peaks or horns, sometimes surmounted past a tuft. Traditionally the iii-peaked biretta is worn by Catholic clergy and some Anglican and Lutheran clergy. A four-peaked biretta is worn as academic clothes (but not liturgically) by those belongings a doctoral caste from a pontifical faculty or pontifical university or faculty. Occasionally the biretta is worn by advocates in law courts, for instance the advocates in the Channel Islands.^[1]

Origins [edit]

The origins of the biretta are uncertain. It is mentioned every bit early as the 10th century. One possible origin is the academic cap of the high Centre Ages, which was soft and square. This is as well the antecedent of the modern mortarboard used today in secular universities. The biretta seems to accept get a more widely used as an ecclesiastical vestment after the synod of Bergamo, 1311, ordered the clergy to wear the "bireta on their heads after the fashion of laymen."^[2] The tuft or pom sometimes seen on the biretta was added later; the earliest forms of the biretta (the Cap) did not deport the device.

Liturgical biretta [edit]

Catholic use [edit]

The biretta may be used by all ranks of the Latin Church clergy, including cardinals and other bishops to priests, deacons, and fifty-fifty seminarians (who are not clergy, since they are non ordained). Those worn past cardinals are ruddy reddish and made of silk. Afterward the Second Vatican Council the anniversary of giving the galero to cardinals was replaced with giving the biretta. The biretta of a bishop is amaranth in color, while those worn by priests, deacons, and seminarians are black. The pope does non brand use of the biretta.

The Tridentine Roman Missal rubrics on low Mass require the priest to habiliment the biretta while proceeding to the altar, to hand it to the server on arrival and to resume it when leaving.^[3] At solemn Mass the sacred ministers clothing it also when seated.^[4]

Appearance [edit]

Cardinals conduct no tuft or "pom" (they are given their birettas and zucchettos by the Pope who elevated them in a ceremony named a consistory – they will form a line, and kneel earlier him when receiving them), bishops carry a purple pom, priests who have been appointed as prelates to certain positions within the Vatican wear a blackness biretta with crimson pom, diocesan priests and deacons habiliment a black biretta with or without a black pom. It is oft asserted that seminarians are only entitled to clothing a biretta without a pom-pom, but there would seem to exist no formal ruling on this point. Priests in monastic and mendicant religious orders that accept their own habits (Benedictines, Franciscans, Dominicans, etc.) practise not generally wear birettas: in nearly circumstances, even liturgical, the monastic hood took the identify of the biretta. Canons Regular generally do—for example the canons of the Society of Prémontré wear a white biretta. Clerks Regular (that is, post-Renaissance religious orders primarily dedicated to priestly ministry, for case the Jesuits and Redemptorists) generally wear a black biretta with no tuft. Other priests who belong to various forms of customs life, as the Congregation of the Oratory of St. Philip Neri for instance, generally as well wear birettas, simply without a pom. The Plant of Christ the Male monarch Sovereign Priest uses blackness birettas with a blue pom.

The liturgical biretta has three peaks (four peaks however are the norm in Deutschland and the netherlands), with the "peak-less" corner worn on the left side of the head. According to the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia, "It was formerly the dominion that a priest should e'er vesture it in giving absolution in confession, and information technology is probable that the ancient usage which requires an English judge assume the 'black cap' in pronouncing sentence of expiry is of identical origin."^[5]

The use of the biretta has not been abolished as a upshot of changes in the regulation of clerical clothes and wear following the 2nd Vatican Council and notwithstanding remains the correct liturgical headgear for those in Holy Orders whilst "in choir", but its utilize has been made optional. Its utilise is prevalent among bishops and cardinals, and less so among other clergy. Some priests wear it during outdoor services such as burials or processions and, as is intended, during the commemoration of Mass and other liturgical services. The biretta is too worn past a priest, deacon, subdeacon, and bishop in attendance at a Mass offered according to the rubrics for the Roman Missal of 1962.

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  Key Angelo Scola wearing a scarlet watered silk biretta

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Employ past Anglicans [edit]

This department needs expansion. Y'all can assist by calculation to information technology. (August 2011)

Birettas are also occasionally worn by Anglo-Cosmic Anglican clergy, though it is generally considered a Romanism. Canons and deans could wear a black biretta with a ruby-red pom.

The Canterbury cap, which like the biretta, evolved from the medieval cap, although seldom used since the early 20th century, has been considered a more authentically Anglican alternative to the biretta. The Canterbury cap has a soft, square meridian rather than the rigid horns that developed on the biretta.

Bookish biretta [edit]

Doctoral degrees [edit]

Use in medieval universities [edit]

In the medieval university, the ceremony past which a new master or doctor received his degree included the birretatio, or imposition of the biretta. This was frequently given with a token book in recognition of the person'south scholarship.^[6] The academic biretta developed into various styles of bookish headgear on the European continent and in the British Isles. Today some secular universities still apply the term, if not the bodily biretta, to name their academic cap.

Use by pontifical universities [edit]

For those holding doctoral degrees from a pontifical university or faculty, whether ordained or lay, "the principal mark of a Physician's dignity is the 4 horned biretta."^[vii] In start ceremonies and other academic settings, doctors of the iv ecclesiastical disciplines (Philosophy, Theology, Canon Law, and Sacred Scriptures) from pontifical faculties and universities accept a canonical right to wear the doctoral biretta equally stated in the Codex Iuris Canonici, 1917, can. 1378, and explained in commentary 262 of the Commentarium Codicis Iuris Canonici every bit follows:

"262. Doctoratus ac Scentiae effectus canonici sic recensentur can. 1378...doctoribus seu gradum academicum in una ex quatuor supradictis facultatibus <<vide 261: philosophia, theologia, ius canonicum, Sacra Scriptura>> supremum obtinentibus, rite creatis, seu promotis regulariter mail examen, iuxta "statuta a Sede Apostolica probata" (can. 1376, § ii) saltem quoad usum validum "facultatis ab eadem Aplca. Sede concessae" (can. 1377, § 1), deferendi, extra sacras functiones, (quarum nomine ad hunc eflectum non-venit ex usu sacra praedicatio), nisi aliunde amplietur eis hoc ius quoad a) annulum etiam cum gemma "ipsis a iure huius canonis concessum" (can. 136, § ii), b) et biretum doctorale, (idest: cum quatuor apicibus) utpote insigne huius gradus ac diverso colore ornatum pro Facultate.:^[eight]

The sections concerning the 1917 edition of Canon Law in relation to the academic biretta were abrogated by the updated edition in the 1983 Code of Canon Law. Nevertheless, the use of the academic biretta has continued to this day despite official recognition in the 1983 Code on the grounds that the new code did not intend to suppress its employ only merely to divest itself of business concern for academic regalia. Moreover, as information technology became socially acceptable for Catholic priests to report for post-ordination degrees at Protestant seminaries or secular universities, the 4 horned academic biretta with accordingly colored piping has similarly been employed by such priests earning doctoral degrees from even non-pontifical institutions.

Colors of doctoral birettas [edit]

The color of the doctoral biretta given past ecclesiastical universities and faculties is usually blackness, with colored pipage respective to the kinesthesia of written report in which the degree was granted:

• Theology (S.T.D., D.Min.): Crimson
• Canon Constabulary (J.C.D.): Green
• Philosophy (Ph.D.): Blue
• Social Sciences (H.Due east.D., S.I.C.D, etc.): Orangish

At one fourth dimension, different universities had different practices concerning the color and style of the biretta itself. One writer, about a century ago, reports that in his 24-hour interval the Roman universities gave a doctoral biretta in black silk,^{[ citation needed ]} Louvain gave a biretta with a colored tuft co-ordinate to the bookish subject field in which the doctorate was awarded,^{[ citation needed ]} and the Catholic University of America gave a velvet biretta with red tuft and trim to doctors of theology.^{[9] [10]} The 'traditional' biretta at the Pontifical Academy of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum, is white, to correspond to the white Dominican habit.^[11] Too, the academic senate of the Angelicum in its May 2011 meeting indicated that the black biretta may be used with trim and pom in the color of the particular faculty.^[12]

A three-peaked black biretta with appropriately colored piping may be similarly used past those receiving the licentiate degree (S.T.L., Ph.L.).^{[ citation needed ]}

Depictions in art in Catholicism [edit]

The doctoral biretta is sometimes seen in depictions of St. Teresa of Ávila, because she was declared a doctor by the University of Salamanca.^[thirteen] This recognition is singled-out from her condition every bit a Doctor of the Church building. The doctoral biretta has been borrowed for depictions of another doctor of the Church building, St. Thérèse de Lisieux.^[14]

Employ by women [edit]

This section needs expansion. You tin assistance by adding to it. (Baronial 2011)

The biretta was considered equally possible headwear for female barristers in England and Wales. In 1922, immediately prior to the first lady being chosen to the Bar, at that place was word among the senior judges about what she should wear on her head. Darling J and Horridge J suggested the biretta, simply were outvoted past the other nine judges present. As a result, female barristers clothing the same unpowdered men'southward wig every bit male barristers, which completely covers the hair.^{[ citation needed ]}

See too [edit]

• The Philippi Collection
• Roman Catholic (term)
• Cappello Romano
• Galero
• Zucchetto
• Four Winds hat
• Skufia

Notes and references [edit]

1. ^ Biretta Definitions
2. ^ Herbert Norris, Church Vestments: Their Origin and Development, 1950, 161.
3. ^ Ritus servandus in celebratione Missae, Two.two and XII.half dozen
4. ^ Thurston, Herbert (1907). "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Biretta". Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
5. ^ Herbert Thurston (1913). "Biretta". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
6. ^ Olmert, Michael (1996). Milton'due south Teeth and Ovid's Umbrella: Curiouser & Curiouser Adventures in History, p.178. Simon & Schuster, New York. ISBN 0-684-80164-7.
7. ^ John Abel Nainfa, Costume of Prelates of The Cosmic Church: According To Roman Etiquette, 164.
8. ^ Codex Iuris Canonici, 1917, can. 1378; Commentarium Textus Codicis Iuris Canonici, 1923, comm. 262: Commentarium Codicis Iuris Canonici, 1922, Liber III, Pars Four, Tit. XXII, 262
9. ^ John Abel Nainfa, S.S., Costume of Prelates of the Catholic Church: According to Roman Etiquette (Baltimore: John Spud Company, rev. ed. 1926).
10. ^ Codex Iuris Canonici, 1917, tin can. 1378, and Commentarium Textus Codicis Iuris Canonici, 1923, comm. 262, p. 320: "biretum doctorale, (idest: cum quatuor apicibus) utpote insigne huius gradus ac diverso colore ornatum pro Facultate".
11. ^ papabear (26 April 2008). "Accessed 3-25-2011". Cantate-domino.blogspot.com. Retrieved sixteen March 2013.
12. ^ "Band, Biretta and Gown for Graduates". Pust.it. 15 June 2011. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
13. ^ Paul Rhetts, Saint Teresa in New Mexico Archived 10 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine. Tradicion Revista, Volume seven, No. 1, Spring 2002. Accessed 2006-11-26.
14. ^ Portraits/Chicago Inc. Accessed 2006-eleven-26.

Bibliography [edit]

• Noonan, James-Charles, Jr. (1996). The Church building Visible: The Ceremonial Life and Protocol of the Roman Catholic Church. Viking. ISBN0-670-86745-iv.
• Philippi, Dieter (2009). Sammlung Philippi - Kopfbedeckungen in Glaube, Religion und Spiritualität. Leipzig: St. Benno Verlag. ISBN978-3-7462-2800-half dozen.
• "Pedagogy on the dress, titles and coat-of-arms of cardinals, bishops and bottom prelates". L'Osservatore Romano, English ed. 17 April 1969: 4.

External links [edit]

Look up biretta in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biretta

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